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Ada beberapa tipe dormansi, yaitu dormansi Fisik dan dormansi Fisiologis.
1. Dormansi Fisik
Pada tipe dormansi ini yang menyebabkan pembatas struktural terhadap perkecambahan adalah kulit biji yang keras dan kedap sehingga menjadi penghalang mekanis terhadap masuknya air atau gas pada berbagai jenis tanaman. Yang termasuk dormansi fisik adalah:
a. Impermeabilitas kulit biji terhadap air
Benih-benih yang menunjukkan tipe dormansi ini disebut benih keras contohnya seperti pada famili Leguminoceae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae, disini pengambilan air terhalang kulit biji yang mempunyai struktur terdiri dari lapisan sel-sel berupa palisade yang berdinding tebal, terutama dipermukaan paling luar dan bagian dalamnya mempunyai lapisan lilin. Di alam selain pergantian suhu tinggi dan rendah dapat menyebabkan benih retak akibat pengembangan dan pengkerutan, juga kegiatan dari bakteri dan cendawan dapat membantu memperpendek masa dormansi benih.
b. Resistensi mekanis kulit biji terhadap pertumbuhan embrio
Pada tipe dormansi ini, beberapa jenis benih tetap berada dalam keadaan dorman disebabkan kulit biji yang cukup kuat untuk menghalangi pertumbuhan embrio. Jika kulit ini dihilangkan maka embrio akan tumbuh dengan segera, tipe dormansi ini biasanya dijumpai pada beberapa species gulma seperti Amaranthus sp. Tipe dormansi ini juga umumnya dijumpai pada beberapa genera tropis seperti Pterocarpus, Terminalia, Eucalyptus ( Doran, 1997). Pada tipe dormansi ini juga didapati tipe kulit biji yang biasa dilalui oleh air dan oksigen, tetapi perkembangan embrio terhalang oleh kekuatan mekanis dari kulit biji tersebut. Hambatan mekanis terhadap pertumbuhan embrio dapat diatasi dengan dua cara (1) Dengan melunakkan secara bertahap pericap atau kulit biji untuk memungkinkan embrio dapat berkebang, dengan perlakuan suhu tapi lamanya skarifikasi tergantung dari jenis dan tingkat dormansi, tetapi umumnya berkisar antara tiga dan lima minggu. (2) Dengan mengekstrasi benih dari pericarp (Boland et al., 1997 dalam Schmidt, 2002).
c. Adanya zat penghambat
Sejumlah jenis mengandung zat-zat penghambat dalam buah atau benih yang mencegah perkecambahan. Penghambat perkecambahn terdapat dibeberapa tempat dalam buah atau biji. Zat penghambat yang paling sering dijumpai ditemukan dalam daging buah. Untuk itu benih tersebut harus diekstrasi dan dicuci untuk menghilangkan zat-zat penghambat.
2. Dormasi fisiologis (embrio)
Pada tipe dormasi ini penyebabnya ada dalam benih yang dibedakan atas morfologi dan fisiologi.
a. Morfologi
Penyebabnya adalah embrio yang belum sempurna pertumbuhannya atau belum matang. Benih-benih demikian memerlukan jangka waktu tertentu agar dapat berkecambah (penyimpanan). Jangka waktu penyimpanan ini berbeda-beda dari kurun waktu beberapa hari sampai beberapa tahun tergantung jenis benih. Benih dengan embrio yang belum sempurna dijumpai contohnya pada Aracaceae (palm) dan Ginko biloba. (Borrner et al., 1997 dalam Schmidt, 2002). menemukan Pinus sp. yang tumbuh pada daerah lintang utara dan selatan dilaporkan mempunyai dormansi fisiologis. Pada benih-benih dengan tipe dormansi ini karena embrionya belum sempurna, sehingga perkecambahannya perlu ditunda, untuk itu benih-benih ini sebaiknya ditempatkan pada kondisi temperatur dan kelembaban tertentu agar viabilitasnya tetap terjaga sampai embrio terbentuk sempurna dan dapat berkecambah.
b. Fisiologis (ketidak masakan embrio)
Benih-benih dengan tipe dormansi secara fisiologis belum masak, artinya belum mampu membentuk zat yang diperlukan untuk perkecambahan, misalnya zat tumbuh seperti giberallin, dapat juga zat tumbuh telah ada tetapi tidak aktif karena adanya hambatan yang berupa zat –zat penghambat. Ada juga dijumpai tanaman tertentu yang mempunyai biji dimana perkembangan embrionya tidak secepat jaringan disekelilingnya sehingga perkecambahan dari benih-benih demikian perlu ditunda. Benih-benih ini biasanya ditempatkan pada kondisi temperatur dan kelembaban tertentu agar viabilitasnya tetap terjaga sampai embrio terbentuk sempurna dan dapat berkecambah. Jangka waktu penyimpanan ini berbeda-beda dari beberapa hari sampai dengan beberapa tahun tergantung jenis benih.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make food. The word photosynthesis means putting together with light. In green plants, sunlight captured by chlorophyll enables carbon dioxide from the air to unite with water and minerals from the soil and create food. This process also releases oxygen into the air. People and animals must have this oxygen to breathe. Most photosynthesis takes place in small bodies called chloroplasts within the cells of plant leaves. These chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight. Energy from the sun splits water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen joins with carbon from the carbon dioxide to produce sugar. The sugar helps a plant make the fat, protein, starch, vitamins, and other materials that it needs to survive. See PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Some plants, called parasites and saprophytes, have little or no chlorophyll and cannot produce their own food through photosynthesis. These plants must rely on outside sources for food. Parasites attach to living plants and take the nutrients they need from these plants. Saprophytes grow on dead and decaying organisms, or use organic substances produced by living organisms for food. Mistletoe and dodder are common parasites found in many parts of the world. Mistletoe grows on the trunks and branches of many trees. It is called a partial parasite because it also makes some of its own food. Indian pipe is a saprophyte that grows near fungi. It uses organic materials produced by fungi for food. A plant called giant rafflesia is a parasite that grows on the roots and stems of other plants. It bears the largest flower of any known plant. Rafflesia flowers may grow over 3 feet (91 centimeters) wide. Respiration breaks down food and releases energy for a plant. The plant uses the energy for growth, reproduction, and repair. Respiration involves the breakdown of sugar. Some of the products resulting from this breakdown combine with oxygen, releasing carbon dioxide, energy, and water. Unlike photosynthesis, which takes place only during daylight, respiration goes on day and night throughout the life of a plant. Respiration increases rapidly with the spring growth of buds and leaves, and it decreases as winter approaches. Factors affecting plant growth. A plant's growth is shaped by both its heredity and its environment. A plant's heredity, for example, determines such characteristics as a flower's color and general size. These hereditary factors are passed on from generation to generation. Environmental factors include sunlight, climate, and soil condition. Hereditary factors. Within the nucleus of all plant cells are tiny bodies called chromosomes that contain hereditary units called genes. These bodies contain "instructions" that direct the growth of the plant. As the cells divide and multiply, the "instructions" are passed on to each new cell. See CELL; HEREDITY. Substances made within a plant also play a part in regulating plant growth. These substances, called hormones, control such activities as the growing of roots and the production of flowers and fruit. Botanists do not know exactly how all plant hormones work. But they have learned that certain hormones, called auxins, affect the growth of buds, leaves, roots, and stems. Other growth hormones, called gibberellins, make plants grow larger, cause blossoming, and speed seed germination. Still other hormones called cytokinins make plant cells divide. Environmental factors. All plants need light, a suitable climate, and an ample supply of water and minerals from the soil. But some species grow best in the sun, and others thrive in the shade. Plants also differ in the amount of water they require and in the temperatures they can survive. Such environmental factors affect the rate of growth, the size, and the reproduction of all plants. The growth of plants also is affected by the length of the periods of light and dark they receive. Some plants, including lettuce and spinach, bloom only when the photoperiod (period of daylight) is long. Such plants are called long-day plants. On the other hand, asters, chrysanthemums, and poinsettias are short-day plants. They bloom only when the dark period is long. Still other plants, among them marigolds and tomatoes, are not affected by the length of the photoperiod. They are called day-neutral plants. Plants also are affected in other ways by their environment. For example, a plant may display a bending movement called a tropism. In a tropism, an outside stimulus (force) causes a plant to bend in one direction. A plant may have either a positive or a negative tropism, depending on whether the plant bends toward or away from the stimulus. Tropisms are named according to the stimuli that cause them. Phototropism is bending caused by light, geotropism is caused by gravity, and hydrotropism is caused by water. A plant placed in a window exhibits positive phototropism when its stems and leaves grow toward the source of light. Roots, on the other hand, display negative phototropism and grow away from light. However, roots demonstrate positive geotropism. Even if a seed or bulb is planted upside down, its roots grow downward-toward the source of gravity. The stem of the same bulb shows negative geotropism by growing upward-away from the source of gravity. Hydrotropism occurs chiefly in roots and is almost always positive. See TROPISM. Some plants are affected by being touched. When the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica, is touched, its leaflets quickly fold and its branches fall against its stem. A change in pressure within certain cells of the plant causes this action. After the stimulus has been removed, the plant's branches and leaflets return to their original position.
